Second Branchial Anomalies in Children and Literature Review
Abstract
Second branchial arches anomalies are themost common branchial anomalies. Usually sinuses and fistulas are encountered in younger ages, while cysts are observed in adolescent or adults. Early diagnosis and treatment decreases recurrence by preventing infection, which causes adhesions in the tissue plans. Definitive treatment for these lesions are surgical excision. The aim of this study is to report our clinical experience in second brachial duct anomalies with the review of the literature.
References
Lim LH, Hartnick CJ, Willging JP. A rare case of combined type I and II first branchial sinus. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38: 12-3.
Turkyilmaz Z, Karabulut R, Bayazit YA, Sonmez K, Koybasioglu A, Yilmaz M, et al. Congenital neck masses in children and their embryologic and clinical features. B-ENT 2008;4:7-18.
Karabulut R, Sönmez K, Türkyilmaz Z, Ozen IO, Demiroğullari B, Güçlü MM, et al. Second branchial anomalies in children. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2005;67:160-2.
Ford GR, Balakrishnan A, Evans JN, Bailey CM. Branchial cleft and pouch anomalies. J Laryngol Otol 1992; 106: 137-43.
Yilmaz I, Cakmak O, Ozgirgin N, Boyvat F, Demirhan B. Complete fistula of the second banchial cleft: case report of catheter-aided total excision. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004; 68: 1109-13.
Adams A, Mankad K, Offiah C, Childs L. Branchial cleft anomalies: a pictorial review of embryological development and spectrum of imaging findings. Insights Imaging 2016;7:69-76.
Bailey H. Branchial Cysts and Other Essays on Surgical Subjects in the Facio-Cervical Region,1st ed, Lewis, London, 1929.
Spinelli C, Rossi L, Strambi S, Piscioneri J, Natale G, Bertocchini A, et al. Branchial cleft and pouch anomalies in childhood: a report of 50 surgical cases. J Endocrinol Invest 2016;39:529-35.
Proctor B. Lateral vestigial cysts and fistulas of the neck. Laryngoscope 1955; 65:355-61.
Bajaj Y, Ifeacho S, Tweedie D, Jephson CG, Albert DM, Cochrane LA, et al. Branchial anomalies in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011;75:1020-3.
Agaton-Bonilla FC, Gay-Escoda C. Diagnosis and treatment of branchial cleft cysts and fistulae. A retrospective study of 183 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;25:449-52.
Schroeder JW Jr, Mohyuddin N, Maddalozzo J. Branchial anomalies in the pediatric population. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;137:289-95.
Nour YA, Hassan MH, Gaafar A, Eldaly A. Deep neck infections of congenital causes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;144:365-71.
Kajosaari L, Mäkitie A, Salminen P, Klockars T. Second branchial cleft fistulae: patient characteristics and surgical outcome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014;78:1503-7.
Telander RL, Filston HC. Review of head and neck lesions in infancy and childhood. Surg Clin North Am 1992;72:1429-47.
Benson MT, Dalen K, Mancuso AA, Kerr HH, Cacciarelli AA, Mafee MF. Congenital anomalies of the branchial apparatus: embryology and pathologic anatomy. Radiographics 1992;12: 943–60.
Waldhausen JH. Branchial cleft and arch anomalies in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 2006; 15:64-9.
Chen J, Chen W, Zhang J, He F, Zhu Z, Tang S, et al. Endoscope-assisted second branchial cleft cyst resection via an incision along skin line on lateral neck. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014;271:2789-93
Zaifullah S, Yunus MR, See GB. Diagnosis and treatment of branchial cleft anomalies in UKMMC: a 10-year retrospective study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013;270:1501-6.
Choi SS, Zalzal GH. Branchial anomalies: a review of 52 cases. Laryngoscope 1995;105:909-13.
