Comperative Investigation of Structure of Male Genital System of Ductus Deferens Ligation in Rats
Abstract
Objective: We investigated structural and morphological changes in pre-pubertal and pubertal rat testis and ductus deferens after unilateral vasectomy. Vasectomy is reliable and popular male contraception method, applied widely in the world. Methods: Six pre-pubertal and 6 pubertal male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Unilateral ductus deferens ligation was performed on right ductus deferens of each rat. Right testis and ductus deferens tissues were evaluated as ligation group while left tissues were control groups. Two months after operation, the vas deferens and testes removed to obtain paraffin block sections and morphometric studies carried out with light microscopy. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunohistochemically staining were applied. Results: Structural and morphological changes and decrease in spermatogenesis process have been observed at testis and ductus deferens tissues of all vasectomized rat. The seminiferous epithelium and the seminiferous tubule diameter were thickened. Degenerative changes have been observed at the epithelial structure of Ductus deferens and among muscle fibers forming the muscle of the Ductus deferens. Moreover, in pre-pubertal and pubertal vasectomized rat VEGF immunoreactivity was not observed in seminiferous tubule. Conclusion: The unilateral ligation operation can cause damage at ductus deferens and testis tissue in the pre-pubertal and pubertal period.References
Patel A, Smith R. Vasectomy reversal: a clinical update. Asian Journal of Andrology 2016; 18: 365-71.
Pile JM, Barone MA. Demographics of Vasectomy—USA and International. Urologic Clinics of North America 2009; 36: 295-305.
Aydos K, Kupeli B, Soygur T, Unsal A, Erden E, Tulunay O, et al. Analysis of the relationship between histologic alterations and the generation of reactive oxygen species in vasectomized rat testes. Urology 1998; 51: 510-5.
Singh SK, Chakravarty S. Histologic changes in the mouse testis after bilateral vasectomy. Asian journal of andrology 2000; 2: 115-20.
Weiske WH. Vasectomy. Andrologia 2001; 33: 125-34.
Whyte J, Sarrat R, Cisneros A, Whyte A, Mazo R, Torres A, et al. The vasectomized testis. International surgery 1999; 85: 167-74.
Kubota Y, Sasaki S, Kubota H, Tatsura H, Kohri K. A study on the mechanism of the spermatogenic damage after vasectomy in rats. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai zasshi The japanese journal of urology 2001; 92: 13-22.
McDonald SW. Vasectomy review: sequelae in the human epididymis and ductus deferens. Clinical Anatomy 1996; 9: 337-42.
McGinn J, Sim I, Bennett N, McDonald S. Observations on multiple sperm granulomas in the rat epididymis following vasectomy. Clinical Anatomy 2000; 13: 185-94.
Tait C, McGinn J, Milne E, Bennett N, McDonald S. Macrophages of the sperm granuloma 3 months after vasectomy in the Albino Swiss rat. Clinical Anatomy 2000; 13: 267-76.
McVicar C, O’neill D, McClure N, Clements B, McCullough S, Lewis S. Effects of vasectomy on spermatogenesis and fertility outcome after testicular sperm extraction combined with ICSI. Human Reproduction 2005; 20: 2795-800.
Ferrara N, Gerber H-P, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nature medicine 2003; 9: 669-76.
Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang W-J, Goeddel DV, Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 1989; 246: 1306.
Senger DR, Galli SJ, Dvorak AM, Perruzzi CA, Harvey VS, Dvorak HF. Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science 1983; 219: 983-5.
Rudolfsson SH, Wikström P, Jonsson A, Collin O, Bergh A. Hormonal regulation and functional role of vascular endothelial growth factor A in the rat testis. Biology of reproduction 2004; 70: 340-7.
Brown LF, Yeo K-T, Berse B, Morgentaler A, Dvorak HF, Rosen S. Vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) is strongly expressed in the normal male genital tract and is present in substantial quantities in semen. The Journal of urology 1995; 154: 576-9.
Ergün S, Kilic N, Fiedler W, Mukhopadhyay A. Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in normal human testicular tissue. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 1997; 131: 9-20.
Korpelainen EI, Karkkainen MJ, Tenhunen A, Lakso M, Rauvala H, Vierula M, et al. Overexpression of VEGF in testis and epididymis causes infertility in transgenic mice: evidence for nonendothelial targets for VEGF. The Journal of cell biology 1998; 143: 1705-12.
Gupta A, Kothari L, Dhruva A, Bapna R. Surgical sterilization by vasectomy and its effect on the structure and function of the testis in man. British Journal of Surgery 1975; 62: 59-63.
Jarow JP, Budin RE, Dym M, Zirkin BR, Noren S, Marshall FF. Quantitative pathologic changes in the human testis after vasectomy: a controlled study. New England Journal of Medicine 1985; 313: 1252-6.
Aitken H, Kumarakuru S, Orr R, Reid O, Bennett N, McDonald S. Effect of long‐term vasectomy on seminiferous tubules in the guinea pig. Clinical Anatomy 1999; 12: 250-63.
Kong LS, Huang AP, Deng XZ, Yang ZW. Quantitative (stereological) study of the effects of vasectomy on spermatogenesis in rabbits. Journal of anatomy 2004; 205: 147-56.
Sarrat R, Whyte J, Torres A, Lostale F, Díaz MP. Experimental vasectomy and testicular structure. Histology and histopathology 1996; 11: 1-6.
Lohiya N, Tiwary S, Ansari A, Watts N. Long-term vasectomy effects on testis and accessory sex organ function in Langur monkey. Acta europaea fertilitatis 1986; 18: 207-11.
Shen K, Yang Y, Tang X, Huang M, Li H, Shen H, et al. Effect of vasectomy on apoptosis in spermatogenic cells of the male rat. Hua xi yi ke da xue xue bao= Journal of West China University of Medical Sciences= Huaxi yike daxue xuebao 1998; 29: 402-6.
Longquan R, Qiang W, Kishimoto M, Watanabe G, Jaroenporn S, Kazuyoshi T. Effect of short period vasectomy on FSH, LH, inhibin and testosterone secretions, and sperm motility in adult male rats. Experimental animals 2011; 60: 47-56.
Contuk G, Orun O, Demiralp-Ekşioğlu E, Ercan F. Morphological alterations and distribution of occludin in rat testes after bilateral vasectomy. Acta histochemica 2012; 114: 244-51.
Flickinger CJ. The effects of vasectomy on the testis. Mass Medical Soc 1985.
Flickinger CJ, Baran ML, Howards SS, Herr JC. Degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium following epididymal obstruction in prepubertal rats. The Anatomical Record 1999; 254: 76-86.
Shiraishi K, Takihara H, Naito K. Quantitative analysis of testicular interstitial fibrosis after vasectomy in humans. Aktuelle Urologie 2003; 34: 262-4.
Flickinger CJ. Ultrastructure of the rat testis after vasectomy. The Anatomical Record 1972; 174: 477-93.
Charles J, Herr JC, Baran ML, Howards SS. Testicular Development and Formation of Spermatic Granulomas of Epididymis After Obstruction of Vas Deferens in Immature Rats. The Journal of urology 1995; 154: 1539-44.
Neaves W. The effect of vasectomy on the testes of inbred Lewis rats. Journal of reproduction and fertility 1978; 54: 405-11.
Paufler S, Foote R. Spermatogenesis in the rabbit following ligation of the epididymidis at different levels. The Anatomical Record 1969; 164: 339-47.
Collins P, Tsang W. An assessment of the function of the seminiferous tubules and interstitium of the rat testis following ligation of the vasa efferentia. Biology of reproduction 1979; 20: 671-80.
Flickinger CJ, Herr JC, Howards SS, Sisak JR, Gleavy JM, Fusia TJ, et al. Early testicular changes after vasectomy and vasovasostomy in Lewis rats. The Anatomical Record 1990; 227: 37-46.
Soler C, Blazquez C, Pertusa J, Nunez M, Nunez J, Nunez A. A comparison of the effects of bilateral efferent duct ligation and of partial epididymectomy on the testes of rats. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 1990; 2: 321-6.
Ma L, Guo Y, Yuan Y, Li Y-G, Deng X-Z, Yang Z-W. Morphometric study of the testis and reproductive tract (including sperm granuloma) after vasectomy in mature rats. Asian Journal of Andrology 2016; 18: 66-73.
Nalbandian A, Dettin L, Dym M, Ravindranath N. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors during male germ cell differentiation in the mouse. Biology of Reproduction 2003; 69: 985-94.
Baltes-Breitwisch MM, Artac RA, Bott RC, McFee RM, Kerl JG, Clopton DT, et al. Neutralization of vascular endothelial growth factor antiangiogenic isoforms or administration of proangiogenic isoforms stimulates vascular development in the rat testis. Reproduction 2010; 140: 319-29.
