Recent Advances in Obesity Biology: From Genetics to Transgenerational Effects

Updates in Obesity Biology

Abstract

Obesity, which is a global problem regarded as a complex disorder, is influenced by environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Genetic discoveries, epigenetic alterations, nutritional roles, hormonal effects, inflammation, and the precise problem of middle-aged abdominal fat development are prominent factors. This article provides a summary of current theories related to the biology of obesity. The distinct role of neuroestrogens in the development of obesity has also been described. This review also explores how maternal obesity affects the development of the fetal liver and subsequent childhood obesity, emphasizing the long-term metabolic effects of maternal overnutrition. The article also underlines the latest data concerning adolescent obesity and its influence on the subsequent development of obesity in offspring and the impact of paternal obesity, not only maternal obesity, on offspring. New prospects for clinical study and medication development are illustrated by the newly identified role of neuroestrogens in appetite regulation and energy balance. In addition, creating efficient management and prevention measures for obesity requires an understanding of the mechanisms that cause increases in abdominal fat in middle-aged individuals, such as hormonal changes, metabolic alterations, and lifestyle factors. A conceptual shift from late-stage obesity care to early, preventive, and personalized interventions is supported by the clinical application of mechanistic insights from developmental biology, genetics, and epigenetics.