Factors contribute to Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) Positive among Urban Islander, Malaysian Borneo

Authors

  • Khalid Mokti 1Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • Mohd Yusof Ibrahim Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
  • Nelbon Giloi Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
  • Firdaus Hayati Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
  • Mohammad Saffree Jeffree Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
  • Khamisah Awang Lukman Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
  • Safirah Jaan Jaafar 1Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • Azman Atil 1Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • Muhammad Aklil Abd Rahim 1Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • Mohd Faizal Madrim 1Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Abstract

Introduction: Latency and the identification of risk groups have become a challenge and a priority to achieve the control and eradication of the TB disease. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of tuberculin skin test (TST) positive in Pulau Gaya, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 197 from Pulau Gaya residents by using non-probability convenient sampling method from March to May 2017. Questionnaire on socio-demographic and risk factors of TB was used to assess the risk factors for TST positive. The data was collected by trained health personnel. TST was administered and measured after 72 hours by a trained lab technician. The standardised cut-offs of ≥10 mm are defined as reactive positive TST. TST positive cases were referred to Luyang Health Clinic for further investigations and management. SPSS version 24 was used to analyse the associated factors.

Results: The response rate was 100% (197 and the Prevalence of TST positive was 46.2%, which is considered high compare to other areas in Malaysia. The significant risk factors in bivariate analysis for TST positive were old age (p<0.005 ), increase BMI (p<0.033), marriage (p<0.001), employment (p<0.05), closed contact with TB patient (p<0.005), and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) scars (p<0.005). In multivariate analysis, all the significant variables were entered, resulting in variables of employment (aOR 2.327 (95% CI:1.175-4.609)) and no BCG scar (aOR 2.473 (95% CI:1.175-4.446)).

Conclusion: The risk factors for positive TST were unemployment and no BCG scar. These high-risk group individuals need to be screened and monitored to detect the latent TB or early symptoms of active PTB. A health facility needs to be built in Pulau Gaya to improve TB vaccination activity and management programme.

 

References

Sia IG, Wieland ML. Current concepts in the management of tuberculosis. Mayo Clinic proceedings. 2011;86(4):348-61.

Organization WH. Global tuberculosis report 2013: World Health Organization; 2013.

Millet J-P, Moreno A, Fina L, Del Baño L, Orcau A, De Olalla PG, et al. Factors that influence current tuberculosis epidemiology. European Spine Journal. 2013;22(4):539-48.

Lönnroth K, Jaramillo E, Williams BG, Dye C, Raviglione M. Drivers of tuberculosis epidemics: the role of risk factors and social determinants. Social science & medicine. 2009;68(12):2240-6.

Narasimhan P, Wood J, MacIntyre CR, Mathai D. Risk factors for tuberculosis. Pulmonary medicine. 2013;2013.

Nantha S. A review of tuberculosis research in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2014;69(suppl A):88-102.

Tahunan L. Unit Tibi/Kusta, Cawangan Penyakit Berjangkit, Jabatan Kesihatan Awam. Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia; 2017.

Carnegie PJ, King VT, Ibrahim Z. Human insecurities in southeast Asia: Springer; 2016.

Barberis I, Bragazzi NL, Galluzzo L, Martini M. The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene. 2017;58(1):E9.

Kaufmann SH, Schaible UE. 100th anniversary of Robert Koch's Nobel Prize for the discovery of the tubercle bacillus. Trends in microbiology. 2005;13(10):469-75.

Kirenga BJ, Ssengooba W, Muwonge C, Nakiyingi L, Kyaligonza S, Kasozi S, et al. Tuberculosis risk factors among tuberculosis patients in Kampala, Uganda: implications for tuberculosis control. BMC public health. 2015;15(1):13.

Munisamy M, Krishnan K, Selvaratnam G, Panza A, Pongpanich S, Jimba M. Not Tb-proof: latent tuberculosis in Kuala Lumpur Hospital health care workers. Occupational Medicine. 2017;67(3):224-6.

Balkhy HH, El Beltagy K, El-Saed A, Aljasir B, Althaqafi A, Alothman AF, et al. Prevalence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in Saudi Arabia; population based survey. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2017;60:11-6.

Chen C, Zhu T, Wang Z, Peng H, Kong W, Zhou Y, et al. High latent TB infection rate and associated risk factors in the Eastern China of low TB incidence. PLOS one. 2015;10(10):e0141511.

Ismail Y. Pulmonary tuberculosis-a review of clinical features and diagnosis in 232 cases. Med J Malaysia. 2004;59(1):56-64.

Hu Y, Zhao Q, Wu L, Wang W, Yuan Z, Xu B. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and its risk factors in schoolchildren and adolescents in Shanghai, China. The European Journal of Public Health. 2013;23(6):1064-9.

Jetan C, Jamaiah I, Rohela M, Nissapatorn V. Tuberculosis: an eight year (2000–2007) retrospective study at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010;41(2):378-85.

Kizza FN, List J, Nkwata AK, Okwera A, Ezeamama AE, Whalen CC, et al. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and associated risk factors in an urban African setting. BMC infectious diseases. 2015;15(1):165.

Downloads

Published

12.12.2020

Issue

Section

Original Research

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 > >>