Pharmacogenetic Tests in Ukraine: Economic Aspect
Abstract
Background: A key approach in modern medicine is the use of tactics of choosing drugs and their doses based on the specific characteristics of the individual patient, as well as determination of treatment regimens based on the genetic traits of the organism. This approach is part of personalized medicine and is based on pharmacogenetic testing. To study the real possibilities of conducting pharmacogenetic tests the questioning of the population of Ukraine has been performed for the first time, and the economic aspect of carrying out DNA tests has been studied.
Methods: Field investigations were used in this work. The students of pharmaceutical, medical and biological specialties of higher schools of Ukraine, the medical staff, as well as persons having no relevance to the field of medicine or pharmacy were questioned. In our study 3143 respondents took part.
Results: It has been determined that one third of the males and females interviewed in different occupational groups are ready at the moment to pay for testing depending on the cost of treatment. It has been shown that more than half of the respondents (71.8% males and 78.6% females) consider it possible to conduct DNA tests in Ukraine although it requires a significant investment.
Conclusion: The opportunities of conducting pharmacogenetic testing in Ukraine taking into account the economic aspect have been studied. The studies have shown that it is necessary to raise the awareness of the population of Ukraine about pharmacogenetics with the purpose of further introduction of pharmacogenetic testing into clinical practice.
References
Scott SA. Personalizing medicine with clinical pharmacogenetics. Genetics in Medicine, 2011; 13:987-95.
Samani NJ, Tomaszewski M, Schunkert H. The personal genome – the future of personalised medicine? Lancet, 2010; 375:1497-8.
Alnaim L. Therapeutic drug monitoring of cancer chemotherapy. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice, 2007; 13:207-21.
Beier MT, Panchapagesan M, Carman LE. Pharmacogenetics: has the time come for pharmacists to embrace and implement the science? The Consultant Pharmacist, 2013; 28:696-711.
Martin JH. Pharmacogenetics of warfarin – is testing clinically indicated? Australian prescriber, 2009;32: 76-80.
de Denus S, Letarte N, Hurlimann T, Lambert JP, Lavoie A, Robb L, Sheehan NL, Turgeon J, Vadnais B An evaluation of pharmacists' expectations towards pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics, 2013; 14:165-75.
Filiptsova OV, Kobets MN, Kobets YuN. Some aspects of genetics and pharmacogenetics understanding by pharmacy students in Ukraine. The Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, 2015; 16:61-6.
Laufs U, Nef H, Möllmann H, Custodis F, Böhm M. Clinical trial updates and hotline sessions presented at the Scientific Session 2007 of the American Heart Association. Clinical Research in Cardiology, 2008; 97:1-11.
Li-Wan-Po А, Girard T, Farndon P, Cooley C, Lithgow J. Pharmacogenetics of CYP2C19: functional and clinical implications of a new variant CYP2C19*17. The British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2010; 69:222-30.
Mallal S, Phillips E, Carosi G, Molina JM, Workman C, Tomazic J, Jägel-Guedes E, Rugina S, Kozyrev O, Cid JF, Hay P, Nolan D, Hughes S, Hughes A, Ryan S, Fitch N, Thorborn D, Benbow A, PREDICT-1 Study Team. HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2008; 358:568-79.
Mills R, Voora D, Peyser B, Haga SB. Delivering pharmacogenetic testing in a primary care setting. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, 2013; 6:105-12.
Payne K, Newman WG, Gurwitz D, Ibarreta D, Phillips KA. TPMT testing in azathioprine: a ‘cost-effective use of healthcare resources’? Personalized Medicine, 2009; 6:103-13.
Pirmohamed М., Dyfrig A. Hughes Pharmacogenetic tests: the need for a level playing field. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2013; 12:3-4.
Stallings SC, Huse D, Finkelstein SN, Crown WH, Witt WP, Maguire J, Hiller AJ, Sinskey AJ, Ginsburg GS. A framework to evaluate the economic impact of pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics, 2006; 7:853-62.
Tuteja S, Haynes K, Zayac C, Sprague JE, Bernhardt B, Pyeritz R. Community pharmacists' attitudes towards clinical utility and ethical implications of pharmacogenetic testing. Personalized medicine, 2013; 10:10.2217/pme.13.85.
van Puijenbroek E, Conemans J, van Grootheest K. Spontaneous ADR reports as a trigger for pharmacogenetic research: a prospective observational study in the Netherlands. Drug Safety, 2009; 32:255-64.
Vizirianakis IS Pharmaceutical education in the wake of genomic technologies for drug development and personalized medicine. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2002; 15:243-250.
Wedlund PJ, de Leon J. Pharmacogenomic testing: the cost factor / The Pharmacogenomics Journal, 2001; 1:171-4.
Zineh I, Mummaneni P, Lyndly J, Amur S, La Grenade LA, Chang SH, Rogers H, Pacanowski MA. Allopurinol pharmacogenetics: assessment of potential clinical usefulness. Pharmacogenomics, 2011; 12:1741-9.
Yau A, Haque M. Pharmacogenomics: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Future Doctors and Pharmacists – A Pilot Study. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2016; 6:141-5.
Wu AC, Fuhlbrigge AL. Economic Evaluation of Pharmacogenetic Tests. Clinical pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2008; 84:272-4.
Yasuda SU, Zhang L, Huang SM. The role of ethnicity in variability in response to drugs: focus on clinical pharmacology studies. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2008; 84:417-23.
Atramentova LA, Filiptsova OV, Mukhin VN, Osipenko SIu. Genetic demographic data of Ukrainian urban populations in the 1990s: ethno-geographic characteristics of migrants in the Donetsk region. Genetika, 2002; 38:1402-8.
Atramentova LA, Filiptsova OV, Osipenko SYu. Genetic Demography of Ukrainian Urban Populations in the 1990s: Ethnicity and Birthplaces of Migrants to the Poltava Population. Russia Journal of Genetics, 2002; 38:1082-7.
Atramentova LA., Filiptsova OV., Osipenko SIu. Genetic demography of Ukrainian urban populations in the 1990s: the ethnic composition of the migration flow in the Kharkov population. Genetika, 2002; 38:972-9.
Moore A. Personalised assessment. The personal approach. Health Service Journal, 2010; 120:4-5.
Payne K, Fargher EA, Roberts SA, Tricker K, Elliott RA, Ratcliffe J, Newman WG. Valuing pharmacogenetic testing services: A comparison of patients’ and health care professionals’ preferences. Value in Health, 2011; 14:121-34.
Crews KR, Cross SJ, McCormick JN, Baker DK, Molinelli AR, Mullins R, Relling MV, Hoffman JM. Development and implementation of a pharmacist-managed clinical pharmacogenetics service. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 2011; 68:143-50.
Schectman JM, Schorling JB, Nadkarni MM, Voss JD. Determinants of physician use of an ambulatory prescription expert system. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 2005; 74:711-7.
Cressey D. Health economics: Life in the balance. Nature, 2009; 461:336-9.
